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¿Conoces la disonancia cognitiva?

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El concepto de disonancia cognitiva, en psicología, hace referencia a la tensión o desarmonía interna del sistema de ideas, creencias y emociones (cogniciones) que percibe una persona al mantener al mismo tiempo dos pensamientos que están en conflicto, o por un comportamiento que entra en conflicto con sus creencias. Es decir, el término se refiere a la percepción de incompatibilidad de dos cogniciones simultáneas, todo lo cual puede impactar sobre sus actitudes.

El concepto fue formulado por primera vez en 1957 por el psicólogo estadounidense Leon Festinger en su obra A theory of cognitive dissonance.1 La teoría de Festinger plantea que al producirse esa incongruencia o disonancia de manera muy apreciable, la persona se ve automáticamente motivada para esforzarse en generar ideas y creencias nuevas para reducir la tensión hasta conseguir que el conjunto de sus ideas y actitudes encajen entre sí, constituyendo una cierta coherencia interna.

La manera en que se produce la reducción de la disonancia puede tomar distintos caminos o formas. Una muy notable es un cambio de actitud o de ideas ante la realidad.

Por ejemplo, cuando no vamos al gimnasio aunque sea nuestro objetivo de la semana, comemos chocolate cuando estamos haciendo una dieta, deseamos algo y no lo podemos obtener, criticándolo y quitándole valor, nos fumamos un cigarro cuando nos lo ha prohibido el médico o cuando lo que acabamos de comprarnos no responde a nuestras expectativas.

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